This page is copyrighted (c) Jane Austen’s World.
Please note: The long lists of links are arranged by topic in alphabetical order. To learn about Regency customs and life from the people who actually lived in the era, please visit the Original Sources page on top of this blog. You will find many of the resources you are seeking there.
These links lead to sites and resources about british customs during the 18th and 19th centuries, including daily life, love, courtship, and inheritance. The list is constantly updated. (Also visit “British Links” in my sidebar.)
1. British Culture
- A Guide to English Culture: 1660-1830
- English Culture: British Express
- Georgian England, Edward Albert Richardson, partial Google book
- Georgian England and the Regency
- Life in the 18th Century
- Old Times, a Picture of Social Life at the End of the Eighteenth Century, Old Times, 2009, partial Google Book
- Regency England (Also see Daily Life below)
- Regency Era Life
- Regency Information: This London Life
- Regency Resources
- Regency Research: A Megasite of information
- Social Classes in England, 1814: A Chart
- Social Classes, Money and Servants in Austen’s Society
- Social England Under the Regency, John Ashton
- Social Season During the Edwardian Era
- The Jane Austen Regency Glossary
- The London Life: Great links
- The Regency Library
- The Regency Townhouse
2. Documents:
- 18th Century and Regency Documents
- Image Gallery
- National Portrait Gallery: Selected Archived Documents: Regency Portraits
3. Peerage/Precedence
- “Addressing the Duke and Inheriting His Loot”, PDF doc
- Correct Forms of Address
- Common Regency Errors
- Map of English Society and Precedence
- Order of Precedence in England and Wales
- Precedence: Peerage
- Precedence: Encyclopedia Britannica
- Social Classes in England, 1814 (Post on this blog)
4. The Regency Era in General:
- Annie Grace Regency Links
- Candice Hern’s Regency Era
- Factoids: Joanna Waugh
- Firthness.com: Find a variety links on social customs
- Georgian Marriages
- Historical Places and Faces, a glossary
- Life in Georgian England by EN Williams, 1962, Full book, Internet Archive
- Inside Out: Pride and Prejudice (PDF Doc)
- Regency Hero, 6 page PDF Doc
- Regency Images
- Regency Lexicon
- Regency Links: Anne Gracie
- Resources for Readers and Writers of the Regency Era
- Scenes of Life (in the French Regency)
- The Historical and Extended Regency Period
- The Pursuit of Pleasure: Gender, Space, and Architecture in Regency London, Jane Rendell, partial book available
- The Regency Reference Book
- The Regency World
- The Georgian Index: Includes extensive descriptions of the Regency world
- Town Bronze: From A Regency Repository
- Understanding the Society in Which Jane Austen Sets Pride and Prejudice, Pamela Whalan, JASA
Agriculture
- Agrarian Revolution
- Early Modern Agriculture: PDF doc
- Enclosure
- History of British Villages
- Jane Austen and the enclosure movement: the sense and sensibility of reform
- The Museum of English Rural Life, included here is the link to the collections
Animals, See Pets, Animals, and Husbandry
Art, Architecture, and Culture (See also Country Houses and Furnishings)
- Architectural Styles in Jane Austen’s Life
- Arts: A Regency Repository
- Arts and Entertainments
- Art Encyclopedia
- British Architecture and Interior Decoration: Links
- Caricature History of the Georges, or Annals of the House of Hanover, Thomas Wright, 1876, partial Google book
- Cox, David: Views of Bath, Bath Library
- Cruikshank, Robert: Devastated Dandies
- English Caricaturists and Graphic Humourists of the Nineteenth Century, Graham Everitt, illustrated Project Gutenberg eBook
- Gillray Caricatures
- Henry Robert Morland, Paintings
- History of Silhouettes
- Interior Design in England: 1600-1800
- James Gillray: A large selection of prints with explanations at the New York Public Library
- John Leech, Sketch Archive from Punch
- Lane, Theodore: Genre, cartoons
- Louis Leopold Boilly
- Life in a Country House
- Luke Clennell, 3 Paintings
- Malton, Thomas Jnr: Architectural painting/prints
- Mathematical tiles
- Neoclassicism: The Sister Arts
- Orientalism, Persuasions Online
- Paint: Georgian, Victorian, Edwardian Houses
- Painting Likenesses in the early 19th Century
- Period House Style: Georgian and Regency Era
- Phillips, Thomas: Portraits
- Probert: Encyclopedia about architecture
- Regency Portraits
- Regency Townhouse Basics, Gaelen Foley
- Social Classes in England, 1814: A Chart
- The Cartoons of James Gillray
- The Layout of Harewood House: A Country House
- The London Life: Helpful Links
- The Shows of London, Richard D. Altick, 1978
- Thompson, Hugh. Biography of Jane Austen illustrator
- Timeline of Art History
- Wiki Gallery
Cant and Slang: See Vocabulary
Children
- Every Boy’s Book: a complete encyclopædia of sports and amusements : intended to afford recreation and instruction to boys in their leisure hours, John George Wood, William Harvey, Harrison Weir, Edward Dalziel, George Dalziel, 1855, Routledge, London
Coins (Also see Economics)
- British Coins Before the Florin
- British Farthing
- Currency, Coinage and the Cost of Living: Proceedings of the Old Bailey
- Historic British Coinage: Descriptions
- Money: Word Wenches
Cookery (Also see Dining)
- Mechanical Roasting on the Hearth
- All Manner of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France From the Middle Ages to the Present, Stephen Mennell, 1995
- Liquid Pleasures: A Social History of Drinks in Modern Britain, John Burnett, 1999 (From the 17th century to the present.)
- Cookery links on this blog: please click on home, and look on the side bar for a list of links. Original cookery books are listed under Original Sources.
Country Houses (See also Architecture and Furnishings, and Houses)
- A Companion to 18th Century Britain: Country Houses, chapter of a partial Google book
- A Fine House Richly Furnished: Pemberley and the Visiting of Country Houses
- Country Houses, Ackermann’s Repository
- From Mansfield Park to Gosford Park: The English Country House from Austen to Altman
- Inside an English Country House
- Life in the English Country House, Mark Girouard, partial Google book
- Paint Colors from the Past
- Period House Style: Georgian and Regency Era
- Researching the History of Country Houses, database
- Suburban and Country Houses: Selection Guide, Domestic Buildings, PDF Doc, English Heritage
- The 19th Century Country House, bibliography
- The Country House, JASA
- The Heritage Trail: British stately homes and buildings search site
- The History of British Villages
- What Goes Around: The Use of Rotunda in UK Country Houses
Courtship (See Marriage/Marriage Mart)
Crime (Also see Law)
- 1800′s Rough Justice for Petty Criminals
- Bow Street Runners and the Marine Police
- Children, Poverty and Crime in Regency England: Post on this blog
- Chronicles of Bow Street Police Office, Percy Hetherington Fitzgerald, Vol 2, 1888, Google book
- Conditions in Prisons and Types of Punishment During the 19th Century
- Crime and Punishment: Homosexuality in Georgian Times
- Bow Street Horse Patrol: Fighting Crime During the Regency Era
- History of British Judicial Hanging 1735-1964
- History of the Metropolitan Police: 1829-1849
- Jack Sheppard
- Making Sense of British Law Enforcement in the 18th Century
- The Dangerous World of Regency London
- The Georgian Underworld
- The Gin Craze: Drink, Crime & Women in 18th Century London
- The Newgate Calendar
- Capital Punishment in the 18th & 19th Century
- Proceedings of the Old Bailey
- History of Policing: The Bow Street Runners, 1748-1829
- King’s Cutters and Smugglers, 1700-1855, Project Gutenberg Book
- Marshalsea Prison, Ask Jeeves
- Policing in London, The Old Bailey Online
- Proceedings of the Old Bailey
- Shipwrecks and smuggling
- Smuggler’s Britain
- The Georgian Underworld by Rictor Norton
- The Underworld and the Underclass
- The Dangerous World of Regency England: Scroll down the page to find the article
Daily Life
- A Day in the Life of a Regency Lady: The Regency Townhouse
- A History of Private Life, Interview with Amanda Vickery, BBC Radio4
- Advertising and Satiric Culture in the Romantic Period, John Strachan, 2007, partial Google Book
- Banking in England: The GeorgianIndex
- Common Regency Errors: Regency Life Explained
- Cost of Living in Regency England
- Daily Life in the Regency Era: Eras of Elegance
- Daily Life: The Regency Townhouse
- (The) English Housewife in the 17th & 18th Century, Internet archive
- Family Library, Jane Austen Centre Online Magazine
- Family Life in the Long Nineteenth Century, 1789-1913, Kertzer & Barbagli, partial Google book
- History of Taking Tea
- Jane Austen Lived Before the Invention of Afternoon Tea, Tea Party Girl
- Life in Regency England, R.J. White, book
- Life in the Regency Era: Summer Resorts
- Life in the Regency and Early Victorian Times, Beresford Chancellor, 2007
- Mealtimes of the Regency Day
- Regency Daily Life
- Regency Reference Pages
- The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park
- The London Season
- The London Season and Leisure Pursuits of the Ton
- The Regency Collection
- Regency Society: Pride and Prejudice
- Mourning
- Regency Mourning Customs
- The Art of Mourning
- The Cost of Living in Jane Austen’s England
- What Jane Austen Ate and Charles Dickens Knew, Poole, partial Google book
Dancing (See also Music & Songs)
- 18th Century Movement
- A Tour of the Ballroom - (Unsourced and unclear about dates, but a good overview)
- Capering and Kickery- A blog about dance by a dance historian
- Dances from Pride and Prejudice
- Dance Card Days
- Dance Card Gallery (American)
- Dance History
- Dance Instruction Manuals
- Dance, physicality, and social mobility in Jane Austen’s Persuasion
- Early 19th Century Dance
- English Country Dancing Before, During, and After Jane Austen
- English Country Dancing, Wilson, 1815, PDF document (takes a long time to download)
- Felicities in Rapid Motion: Jane Austen in the Ballroom
- Formal Balls in Jane Austen’s and Regency England
- How to Dance a Country Dance
- Late Eighteenth Century Social Dance
- Formal Balls in Jane Austen Novels and Regency England, Sandra Causey
- From the Ballroom to Hell: Grace and Folly in Nineteenth Century Dance, Elizabeth Aldrich, 1991
- Real Regency Dancers Don’t Turn Single
- Regency Dances
- Social Dances of the 19th Century
- The Fiddler’s Companion
- The Regency Ballroom - Listen to Samples of English Country Dance
- The Shocking Waltz, Mass Historia
- The Waltz in Jane Austen’s Time
- Thos. Wilson’s Description of Regency Waltzing, 1816
Dictionaries and Regency Cant (See Vocabulary)
Dining (Also visit “Food and Cookery” in my sidebar and look under “Original Sources”)
- All About Coffee, (history) 1922, William H. Ukers, Project Gutenberg, with illustrations
- All About Coffee (Google eBook), William Harrison Ukers, Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company, 1922 – 796 pages
- A New System of Domestic Cookery:Maria Eliza Rundell, 1807 (American Cookbook based on British recipes.)
- A Taste of History: Georgian Food
- A Dish of Mutton: Jane Austen Centre
- At Table: High Style in the 18th Century, Carnegie Museum of Art
- Books for Cooks: British Library
- Breakfast in the 18th Century: The unexamined meal
- Cordial Waters
- Cultural Rules of Dining
- Destination: 18th Century Food
- Dining in the Great House: Food and Drink in the Time of Jane Austen, Eileen Sutherland
- Dinner is served, Jefferson, Monticello
- Early British Table Silver: A Short History
- Food for Thought: Researching the History of Nutrition, Bibliography
- Food in Jane Austen Novels
- Georgian/Regency Picture Gallery of Food
- Jane Austen Lived Before the Inventor of the Tea Party
- London Coffee House: A Social Institution
- London Cafes: the surprising history of London’s lost coffee houses
- Merry Gourmet Miniatures: Georgian Kitchen Food
- Probert: Encyclopedia about Food
- Regency Dinner Party Etiquette
- Regency Drink: Click here for my posts on the topic
- Regency Eating: Old Foodie
- Regency Food: Click here for my posts on the topic
- Regency Recipes, Customs and Manners: Jane Austen Centre
- Social History of the Pineapple
- Storage, preservation, and ice houses
- Soup: Julienne Soup
- The Tea Caddy, A History of
- The Torments of Rice Pudding and Apple Dumplings: Jane Austen and Food, PDF Doc
- Traditional English Food
Economics/Money (Also see Coins)
- Banking in England: The GeorgianIndex
- Cost of Living in Regency England
- Economics: British History Online
- How Rich is Fitzwilliam Darcy? Podcast: Brad De Long’s Morning Coffee
- How Wealthy is Mr. Darcy – Really? Pounds and Dollars in the World of Pride and Prejudice, James Heldman
- Money: Word Wenches
- Money is Nothing, Cheryl Craig
- Regency money
- Value of British Money Prior to Decimalisation
Education (Books, Literature, Schools and Libraries)
- 18th Century Reading and Writing: How to read 18th century British and American Handwriting
- The 18th Century: Religion and Education, British History Online
- Andrew Bell, History of Education
- The Cambridge Bibliography of Literature 1800-1900, Google book preview
- Education, A Regency Repository
- The Family Library, Jane Austen Centre Online Magazine
- Joseph Lancaster, History of Education
- Mary Edwards: Computing for a Living in 18th Century Britain, PDF doc
- Women and Literature in Britain, 1700-1800, Google book preview
- Women and Schooling, History of Education
Etiquette (See Manners and Customs, and Letters)
Fashion (Also visit “Fashion” in my sidebar)
- 1790′s Fashion, Part I: Zip Zip Vintage Sewing
- 1790′s Fashion, Part II: Zip Zip Vintage Sewing
- 1795-1795 Robe and Petticoat, Part I
- Late 18th Century Women’s High Fashion
- 18th Century Fashion, A Brief History
- 18th century, late, women’s high fashion, Heather Carroll
- 18th Century Clothing, The Making of Cloth, PDF Document
- 18th Century Clothing, Maternity Wear
- 18th Century Plates by the decade: Dames a la Mode
- 1812 Fashion: Nineteen Teen
- 1813-1814, Walking Dresses: Candice Hern
- 19th Century fans
- In the 18th Century the wig made a man
- Accessories of Dress, By Katherine Morris Lester, Bess Viola Oerke, Helen Westermann, 2004, partial Google book
- Afternoon Dress, Cathy Decker
- A Regency Era Primer
- Assembling a Regency Gentleman’s Wardrobe
- Bonnets, PDF document
- Children’s Fashions
- Cloaks, Capes, Pelisses and Spencers: Outerwear for Regency Ladies, Kathy Hammel
- (Corsets) An Overview of Regency Stays
- Corsetry Links
- Corsets, History of
- Corsets, Male: Oh, Shock, Oh Horror, A Hero in Corsets!
- The Corset, Valerie Steele, Partial book available, Google Books
- The History of Corsets, Christina Wilson
- Costume Captures in Film
- Costumer’s Manifesto
- Costumes of Yorkshire, 1814, New York Library, Digital Collection
- Costuming the Emmas, Strangegirl Blog
- Court Dress, Ladies, Candice Hern
- Court Dress for Judges and the Judiciary
- Dandy, Les Invisibles
- Distinctions of Regency Dress: Undress, Half Dress, Full Dress, and Riding Habit
- Dressed in Fiction, partial Google Book
- Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XiV to Elizabeth II, Philip Mansel, 2005 partial Google book
- Dress in France in the 18th Century, Madeleine Delpierre, partial Google book
- Elizabeth Bennet’s Wardrobe: Undress, Half Dress, Full Dress, Headdress! Making Sense of it All, Linore Rose Burkhard
- Embroiderer’s Guild of America, a Comprehensive Glossary. PDF file
- Emma Movie Gowns
- Empire 1790-1815
- Empire Style
- English Fashion During the French Revolution
- English Women’s Clothing in the 19th Century, Cecil Willett Cunnington, 1990, partial google book
- Equestrian Costume
- Estimating Lace and Muslin: Dress and Fashion in Jane Austen and Her World, Jeffrey Nigro
- Evils of Artifice: Cosmetic Use in Europe from the Baroque Age to the Victorian Age, Jolique, 1999
- Fans, Regency
- Fashion in Paris: (to the end of the 19th century) Octave Uzanne, 1901, Google eBook
- Fashion Museum: Evening Dress 1804
- Fashion posts on this site
- Female Fashion During the Regency Era of Jane Austen
- French Fashions in London
- French Lingerie & Making Lace
- French Night Shifts, 1794
- Garters: Kalen Hughes
- Garters: 1800-1830
- Georgian Era: Dress of Women – Hoops and Mantua Makers
- Gezler Mode Collection 1803-1841, Database
- Glossary of 18th Century Costume Terminology
- Hats: A History in Fashion in Head Wear, partial Google book
- Historical Fashion Reference Material, List on Facebook
- History of English Dress in the Late 17th and 18th Centuries
- History of Fashion
- History of Saville Row
- History of Underwear
- Hosiery Museum: 18th C. Stockings
- Hull Museum Collection: Regency Fashion
- Illustrated Glossary of Victorian Sartorial Terms
- Importance of Wearing White
- Introduction to 18th Century Fashion, Victoria and Albert Museum
- It’s All in the Details: Making a Regency Ball Gown
- Jane Austen’s Pelisse Coat
- Jessamyn’s Regency Costume Companion
- Jewelry: Antique Jewelry Glossary
- Jewellery of the Georgian Era: J’antiques and Collectibles
- Jewelry of the Georgian and Victorian Periods: Morning Glory
- Jewelry: Neoclassical
- Jewelry: Georgian Era Antique Jewelry
- Lingerie: Austentatious
- Undergarments, Regency: Slideshow
- Making a Man’s Tailcoat
- Of Men and Their Elegance
- Regency Mens Clothes – Pants, Breeches, Pantalons
- Well-dressed Regency Gentleman
- (Men) 19th Century Late Regency Fashion for Men
- Men: Late Regency Era Fashions Worn by Men
- Men’s Clothing: 1811-1812
- New York Public Library Digital Gallery
- Nineteenth Century Costume and Fashion, Herbert Norris, Oswald Curtis, 1998, Partial Google Book
- Picturesque Representations of the Dress and Manners of the English: New York Public Library Digital Archive
- Prinny’s Tailor: The Life of Louis Bazalgette
- Regency Era Fashion
- Regency Dress During Jane Austen’s Time
- Regency Glasses and Eyeware
- Regency Fashion
- Regency Fashion in Winter, Linore Rose Burkard
- Regency Handbags: Please Don’t Ridicule My Reticule
- Regency Style: Year by Year
- Probert: Encyclopedia of Costume
- Shoes
- Silk Stockings With Clocks
- Stockings: Hosiery Museum: 18th C.
- Stockings: Kalen Hughes
- Stockings: 18th Century
- Stays and Corsets, Oregon Regency Society
- Stays, The Regency, Kalen Hughes
- The Corset, Valerie Steele, Partial book available, Google Books
- The History of Corsets, Christina Wilson
- The Culture of Clothing: Daniel Roche and Jean Birrell, 1997, partial Google book
- The Making of the Georgian or Regency Era Waistcoat
- The Man Who Invented the Suit (Beau Brummel), Ian Kelly
- The Mirror of Fashion for January, 1819
- The Regency and the Rest of the High-waisted Era
- The Regency Fashion Page
- The Regency Tailcoat
- The Road to Elegance and Fashion: Men’s Cravats
- Undressing Your Hero
- Undergarments, A Number of Links
- Undergarments, Regency: Slideshow
- Underwear, The History of, Cunnington, 1992, partial Google book
- University of Washington Fashion Plate Collection: Regency
- History of the White Wedding Dress
- Wedding dress, Victorian 1824-1921
Food and Drink (See Dining, above, and Food tags in sidebar)
Funerals and Mourning Customs
- About Funerals in the 19th Century
- Mourning Customs
- Mourning Jewellery
- Mrs. Churchill’s Funeral
- Noire Gloire: 18th Century Mourning
- Question regarding Regency Mourning on Ask Nancy
- Regency Era: Fashion
- Regency Manor House: Scroll to the bottom
- Regency Mourning
- Regency Mourning Clothes
- Regency Mourning Customs, Donna Hatch
- Regency Mourning Fashions and Customs
- Regency Mourning Fashions in England
- Royalty, British: Encyclopedia of Death and Dying
- The Victorian Undertaker – radically different from the Regency
Furnishings (See also Country Houses and Architecture)
- Age of Revivals: Neoclassical Furniture
- Decorative Arts and Design History: Gothic Revival and Design
- Domestic Interiors Database
- English Period Furniture: 1800-1830
- Interior Design in England 1600-1800
- Paint Colors From the Past
- Paint Colors From the Past (more)
- Regency Paint Colors, Fabrics and Furniture
- The Regency Period (PDF Doc) 1800-1830
- Regency Era Furnishings: From Ackermann’s Repository 1809-1812
- Regency Style Decoration
- Regency Style Wallpaper
- Room With a View: Landscape and Wallpaper
- Georgian and Regency Antique Sideboards
- The Regency Style
- Thomas Hope: Furniture
Gardens (See Landscapes and Gardens)
Gentlemanly Pursuits (Also see Leisurely Pursuits and Pets, Animals, and Husbandry)
- A Regency Buck
- Clubs and Club Life in London, John Timbs, 1872, Google book
- Duels and Dueling on the Web
- Dueling: How Dueling Works
- Dueling: The Code of Honor
- Dueling: The Rules of Dueling
- Dueling: The Sharp Edge of
- Dueling and Fencing, Primary Resources
- Dylan’s Fencing Page
- Fowling for Pheasant: Jane Austen’s World
- Fowling: The Georgian Index
- Gentleman’s Clubs
- Gentleman’s Clubs: Regency London
- Georgian Index: Angelo’s Fencing Academy
- Gambling in the Regency Era
- Henry Angelo’s Fencing School
- Hunting: The First of September, 1827
- Lord Byron
- Male Bonding in Early 19th Century British Fiction, Dissertation, PDF Doc
- Officer and a Gentleman: Education
- Pugilism (Boxing) in Georgian England
- Rapier and Small Sword
- Sport Hunting
- Taking Snuff and Snuff Boxes
- The Exploits of William Douglas – third Earl March, Fourth Duke of Queensbury 1725-1810, or Old Q as he was known
- The History of White’s, Algernon Henry Bourke, 1892
- The Life of Beau Brummell, Esq, Commonly Called Beau Brummell, by William Jesse, 1886, partial Google book
- The Society for 18th Century Gentlemen
Grand Tour
- Giusseppe Vasi’s Grand Tour of Rome, Interactive
- Grand Tour: Georgian Index
- Italy on the Grand Tour
- Little Dorrit and the Grand Tour: Post on this blog
- Making a Gentleman: Jane Austen’s Brother Abroad
- The Evolution of the Grand Tour, Edward Chaney, 1998, Partial Google book
- The Grand Tour in the 18th and 19th Century: Post on this blog
- The Grand Tour Gallery
- The Grand Tour, Rob Molloy
- The Grand Tour: Word Wenches
Holidays and Important Days
- Another Look at Christmas in the 18th Century
- A Regency Christmas Tree: Post on this blog
- Boxing Day
- Christmas, Monticello.org
- Christmas Dances
- Christmas Feast
- Christmas Music in Colonial Days, Williamsburg
- Christmas Traditions in the Regency Era: Post on this blog
- Christmas Traditions in the UK
- Christmas With the Presidents (US)
- Dickens Christmas: A Victorian Celebration
- Easter
- Easter, Jane Austen’s
- Georgian Christmas Celebrations
- Halloween, Ancient Traditions
- Halloween Traditions
- Happy Christmas, Everyone! (leads to links)
- Hymns and Carols of Christmas, 1852
- December 25, Everyday Book
- Lady Day in the Regency Calendar
- New Year Customs in Great Britain
- May Day
- Mince Meat: Mincemeat Recipes and Mincemeat History
- Punch Magazine, 1868, December 26
- Punch Magazine, 1880, December 25
- Shrove Tuesday
- The Book of Christmas, Thomas Kibble Hervy, 1845
- The Every Day Book (describes days and holidays)
- Victorian Christmas in Print
- Whitsuntide
Houses and Household Duties (See also Country Houses and Architecture and Furnishings)
- History of Housekeeping
- History of Hygiene and Bathing
- History of Wallpaper Styles and their Use
- Queen Anne and Georgian Country Houses
- Rush Lights
Jewelry (Jewellery)
- Austen Regency Accessories
- Georgian and Victorian Jewellery
- Jewellery in the Regency Era
- Jewelry: Regency Period
Ladies Endeavors
- Arts and Entertainments
- Athletic “Womanhood”: Exploring Sources for Female Sport in Victorian and Edwardian England, Cartriona M. Parratt, PDF doc
- Beauty Secrets of a Regency Lady, Susannah Ives
- Becoming a Regency Woman
- Bluestocking Club
- Early Embroidery
- French Hand Fans
- Healthful Sports for Young Ladies, 1822, PDF doc
- History of Embroidery in America: 19th Century
- The Property Rights of Women in 19th Century England
- The Fan Museum, Greenwich
- Regency Fans
- Regency Crafts and Pastimes
- Some Old Time Beauties, Thomas Willing, Project Gutenberg
- The Complexities of Wash Day in the 18th Century
- Vintage Lace Making
- Wives and Daughters: Women and Children in the Georgian Country House, Joanna Martin, 2004
- Women and Marriage in 19th Century England
- Women’s Education and Accomplishments : The Republic of Pemberley
- Women’s Legal Position in Regency Times
- Worshipful Company of Fan Makers
Landscapes and Gardens
- A Changing View: Jane Austen’s Landscape, Penny Gay
- A History of English Gardening, George William Johnson, 1829, Google Books
- Amusement of Old London,being a survey of the sports and pastimes, tea gardens and parks, playhouses and other diversions of the people of London from the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century, Volume 2 William Biggs Boulton, 1901, Google eBook
- A Royal History of Windsor, Great Park
- Definitions of Gardeners and their Assistants
- Gardens and Landscapes, Ackermann’s Repository
- Garden Mazes
- Ha Ha: The Invisible Border Between Art and Nature: Pope’s Aesthetic Principle Applied to Art and Poetry
- Humphry Repton’s Red Books
- Jane Austen’s World of English Gardens
- Landscape Narratives: An English Approach to Space
- Orangeries, Conservatories, Glass Houses and Green Gardens
- Parks and Pleasure Gardens of Regency London
- Pleasure Gardens in Georgian and Regency Seaside Resorts: Brighton, 1750-1840, JSTOR
- The English Pleasure Gardens, Sarah Jane Downing
- The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park
- The Flowering of the Landscape Garden: English Pleasure Grounds, 1720-1800
- The Herb Garden: Then and Now
- The London Pleasure Garden of the 18th Century, 1896
- Vauxhall Gardens: 1661-1859
- Women, Gardens, and the English Middle Class in the Early 19th Century, Heath Schenker, 25 p. PDF doc
Law (also see crime)
- Discussion about the differences between Attorney, Lawyer, Barrister, Solicitor, and Notary.
- Bastards and Foundlings: Illegitimacy in 18th Century England, Lisa Zunshine, partial Google book
- Books on London: Crimes, Court Cases and the Law. Bibliography
- Bow Street Runners, Channel 4
- Caroline Norton and a Woman’s Legal Rights: Post on this blog
- Court Dress for Judges and the Judiciary
- Enlightenment and the Plight of Women
- Entailments in Jane Austen’s Novels
- Family and Society: the History of English Law
- Marriage Settlements in England and Wales
- History of Policing: The Bow Street Runner
- Policing in London, Proceedings of the Old Bailey
- Proceedings of the Old Bailey
- Property Law in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice
- Property Rights of Women in 19th Century England
- Prostitution in Georgian England
- The Dangerous World of Regency England
- Women and Private Ownership in Regency England
- Women’s Legal Position in Regency Times
Leisurely Pursuits
- Jane Austen and Leisure, David Selwyn, partial book available
- Breaking into Regency Society, Susan Marie Knight, PDF document
- Entertainment for the People
- The London Season
- Astley’s Amphitheatre
- Assembly Card Party
- Card Games of Jane Austen
- Whist
- Regency Games
- Gambling in Historic England
- Georgian Games: Entertainment
- An Evening at Almack’s
- History of Almack’s
- Jane Austen and Leisure, David Selwyn, 1999, partial Google book
- Life in Regency England: More Than Games, 2
- Popular 19th Century Card Games
- Private and Social Reading
- Street of Famous Clubs
- Then and Now: See London as it was then and how it looks now
- The London Season
- The Pursuit of Pleasure, Jane Rendell, 2002, partial Google book
- The Social Life of Coffee, Brian William Cowan, 2005, partial Google book
- Regency Dances
- Dances from Pride and Prejudice
- Late Eighteenth Century Social Dance
- From the Ballroom to Hell: Grace and Folly in Nineteenth Century Dance, Elizabeth Aldrich, 1991
- Social Dances of the 19th Century
- Lydia in Brighton, PDF document
- Sea Bathing: Read my posts on the topic
- Sea Bathing: Brighton and Hove
- The Level: A Leisure Area Since Regency Times
- The Rage for Music: Concert Life in Regency England
- The Silhouette in Georgian and Regency England
- Theatre Royal: Drury Lane
- Haymarket: Theatre Royal
- Theatrical London
- Parks and Pleasure Gardens
- Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens
- Vauxhall Gardens
- The History of Ballooning
- Mother, I’m bored: Or How a Young Lady Found Amusement in the Regency Countryside, by Susan Marie Knight, PDF document,
- Christmas in ritual and tradition, Project Gutenberg
Letters
- An 18th century family letter sent from Scotland to England
- British Letter of Marque With Seal
- Envelope and Letter Folding
- History of the Driffield Post Office
- Guidelines for Writing 19th Century Letters: a fun exercise, but no sources given. PDF doc
- Jane Austen and Letter Folding
- Letters, Letter Writing and Other Intimate Discourse
- Online History of Writing Boxes and Slopes
- Regency Letters: posts on this blog
- Signed, Sealed and Delivered: Sealing Wax and Other Fancy Stuff
- The Regency Post: Pity We’ve Lost Letters
- Writing boxes and slopes
London
- Astley’s Amphitheatre
- Bathing in London from Medieval to Georgian Times
- Chronology of London Bridge
- Flickering Gas Light Illuminates Pall Mall: 1807
- Georgian London – article
- Georgian London – a blog devoted to the topic
- Georgian London Past
- Old London Street Cries
- London Lives
- London Sewers, Part One
- London Sewers, Part Two
- London: The Transformation of a City, PDF Document
- London, Charles Knight, 1841, Google book
- Museum of London
- Promenades through London
- Sir John Soane Museum
- The London of Samuel Johnson
London Pubs, Inns, Taverns, Tea Houses, and Coffee Houses
- The London Coffee House: A Social Institution, Rakehell
- The Devil’s Ordinary: Consuming Public Culture in the Coffee-House
Manners, Etiquette, and Customs
- Posts about Manners and Etiquette on this Blog: Calling Cards, The Regency Fan, Dancing, etc.
- A Sample of Regency Manners
- A Day in 18th Century London: Norton Anthology
- Art of Mourning
- A Tour of the Ballroom
- Forms of Address and Titles in Jane Austen, Joan Austen-Leigh
- Guidelines for Writing 19th Century Letters: a fun exercise, but no sources given. PDF doc
- Hat Etiquette for Women
- Historical Hattiquette
- Historical Regency Ballroom Etiquette
- Introduction to 19th century etiquette
- Manners and Courtesies
- O, Tempora, O Mores!: A column of advice on manners and etiquette, by Arbiter Elegantiae
- Calling Cards and Stationery
- Instances of Ill Manners to Be Avoided by the Youth of Both Sexes
- Becoming Mannered: YouTube Video, James McAvoy
- The Laws of Etiquette by a Gentleman, 1837
- On Vulgarity and Affectation, William Haslitt, From Table Talk, Essays on Men and Manners, 1822
- Peerage Basics
- Peerages in Order of Preference
- Presentation at Court
- The Gentlewoman’s Companion: Or, a Guide to the Female Sex
- The Art of Mourning
Maps
- Dickens London Map
- Greenwood’s Map of London
- Images of Early Maps on the Web
- Maps: Scanned Collections Online, British Library
- Old London Maps and Views of the City from the 16th to 19th Centuries
- The Map of Early Modern London
Marriage/Marriage Mart/Courtship
- Bibliography: Comments from authors on books regarding Marriage & Inheritance Laws and Customs, PDF doc
- Eloping During Jane Austen’s Time
- Eloping in Regency England
- Fleet Marriage
- From Fleet Street to Gretna Green: The Reform of Clandestine Marriage, Jennifer M. Payne
- Lord Hardwick’s Marriage Act, 1753
- Love and Courtship in the Time of Jane Austen
- Marriage Act, 1753
- Marriage Customs in Georgian and Regency England
- Marriage Mart
- Marriage Register, An Example
- Marriage Settlements in England and Wales
- Regency Life: Marriage
- Regency Wedding
- The History of the Laws of England as to the Effects of Marriage on Property, Courtney Stanhope Kenney, 1879, full book
- The Pursuit of the Heiress, A. P. W. Malcomson, Ulster Historical Foundation,2006
- Women, Courtship, Marriage and Romance: Victorian London
Medicine
- 17th & 18th Century Apothecary Jars
- Apothecary (The), Herbs, and Herb Garret, PDF document
- Apothecary: Serving History
- Apothecary Items
- Apothecary Pharmacy Museum
- Apothecaries: Picture Library
- Bloodletting: an early treatment used by barbers and surgeons
- Caleb Hillier Parry, 1755-1822, A Notable Provincial Physician, PDF document
- Chelsea Apothecary’s Physick Garden
- Children’s Health in England: 1600-1800
- Dentist, Regency
- Doctors and Medicine in the Regency Era
- History of Barbers
- History of Medicine
- History of Modern Medicine
- History of Quinine
- Images of Medical Instruments in the 18th Century
- Men and Women in Midwivery
- Phisick: Medical Antiques
- Child birth and birth control in the 19th Century
- Pregnancy and Childbirth for the Historical Author
- Reconstruction of an 18th Century Apothecary Shop (Italian)
- Sickness, Treatment, and Death: Regency Manor
- Stabler Leadbetter Apothecary Museum: Alexander, VA
- Start of Organized Medicine: Hungerford Virtual Museum
- Student Paper on 19th Century Medicine: Excellent resource for the medical situation in 19th century England.
- Doctors: Physicians, Surgeons, Dentists and Apothecaries in England
- The Eighteenth Century Dentist
- The Ladies’ Medicine Chest
- The Quack Doctor (blog)
- The Regency Library: Medicine
- The Regency Realm: Medicine and Health Bibliography
- The Regulation of English Midwives in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century
- What is Wrong with Marianne? Medicine and Disease in Jane Austen’s England, Laurie and Richard Kaplan, JASNA
Money (See Coins and Economics)
Mourning (See Funerals)
Music and Songs (Also see Dance)
- 18th Century English Music
- Corda Music – Jane Austen’s Music – The Project
- History of the Trombone
- “I Burn With Contempt for My Foes”: Jane Austen’s Music Collections and Women’s Lives in Regency England, Mollie Sandock, 2001
- Jane Austen and Mozart: Classical Equilibrium in Fiction and Music, Robert K. Wallace, 2009, Partial Google Book
- Jane Austen Entertains: Music from Her Own Library (Amazon.com – lists the songs on the CD)
- Jane Austen Program Notes: The Songs of Jane Austen
- Jane Austen Piano
- Music and Jane Austen
- Music, character, and social standing in Jane Austen’s Emma
- Music from the British Royal Court, 1770-1837
- Published Manuscripts and Printed Ephemera
- Regency Musical Timeline
- Regency Parlor Music
- Romantic Era Songs: A Site Devoted to Theatre and Popular Songs
- Soft and Loud: Jane Austen and the Pianoforte, JASA
- The History of Music in Bath: Bath Baroque
- The Regency Musical Timeline
- The Songs of Jane Austen
- The Sydney Garden Galas, Austenonly
- The Universal Songster, Jones and Co, 1834
Newspapers and Magazines (see Publications)
Occupations
- 18th Century Parish Books
- A Governess in the Age of Jane Austen, Agnes Porter, Joanna Martin 1998
- Colonial Occupation, Extensive list
- Daily Life in 18th Century England: Male and Female Roles
- Directories, including those for occupations
- Handloom Weavers, Rockingham Forest
- History of Barbers
- Historical Trade Directories
- History of Work, website with images
- Lacemaker Lamps
- History of Making Lace, Techniques
- Prostitution
- Servants (see category below)
- William Henry Pyne: The Costume of Great Britain
Pets, Animals, and Husbandry
- Border Collie Museum
- Dogs: From the Regency Ramble Website
- Dogs in Art
- Fox Hunting Prints
- Great Modern Pictures: Dogs
- Georgian England’s Top Dogs: Georgian Index
- History of the Pug
- History of the Bulldog
- History of the Otter Hound
- Old English Bulldog
- Sheep dog training in 18th century France
- Sheep herding: Herding on the Web
- The Eighteenth Century Goes to the Dogs
- The Nineteenth Century Dog
- Picturing Animals in Britain: 1750-1850, Diana Donald, 2007 (Partial google book)
- Regency Horses
- Thoroughbred Heritage: Breeders and Breeding
Poor
- Booth’s London Poverty Map
- Dr. Johnson’s London, Liza Picard, partial Google book
- Georgians: Poverty
- London Labor and the London Poor, Mayhew. Google Book
- What would London have been like in the 18th century? Forum
- Workhouses
Publications
- Ladies’ Pocket Magazine: 1824-39
- Newspapers and Magazines
- Ackermann’s Costume Plates: Stella Blum, 3 selected pages
- La Belle Assemblee and Ackermann’s Costume Plates
- Ainsworth’s Magazine, 1845
- Sundries: An 18th Century Newsletter (Blog)
- Regency Ladies Magazines
- The Growth of Journalism
- The Literary Gazette, 1828
- The ‘Tuppenny Press And The Birth of English Newspaper
- Journalists: 1750-1820
Religion
- 18th Century Evangelical Revival
- 18th Century Resources: Religion and Theology
- 19th Century Religion
- Christmas: Its Origin and Associations, Project Gutenberg
- Jane Austen’s Clergymen
- Joseph Priestly: Heralds of a Liberal Faith
- Religion, Morals in the 18th Century
Rural (See agriculture)
Servants
- Posts about Servants on this blog: Scullery Maid, Maid of All Work, Housekeeper, Footmen, Link boys, etc.
- A Day in the Life of a Maid of All Work
- Books about Fine Households & Domestic Staff Issues
- Domestic Servants, Victorian Web
- Domestic Servants
- Guide to Servants
- Indenture Contract, 1827: Text Indenture Contract, 1827 high resolution copy of original
- Money (includes servant wages): Word Wenches
- Servant’s Quarters
- The 1900 House: The Scullery
- The Domestic Servant Class in 18th Century England
- The Horror of Dirt: Virginia Woolf and Her Servants, 2008
- The Life and Times of Victorian Servants
- The Servant’s Hall, by a Clergyman, 1849. Full Google book
- The Servants’ Register Office
- Bricks and Brass:Design of the Scullery
- Servants, Bridget Hill
Shopping
- Posts about Shopping on this Blog
- Regency England: Shops and Stores
- More Regency Shopping: Regency Ramble
Sport
- Abraham Cann, Champion of England
- Beagling in Great Britain
- Cockfighting (blood sport)
- Classical Fencing and Historic Sportsmanship
- Cricket in England
- Cricket: Images on Print Online
- Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports, partial Google book
- Healthful Sport for Young Ladies, PDF book, 1822
- History of Sports and Games: 17th-19th Century
- Fox Hunting History
- BBC News: Fox Hunting, The Issues (Includes a history of fox hunting)
- Race History at Newmarket, Suffolk
- The History of Court Tennis
- The National Sport of Great Britain, Henry Alken, partial Google book
- Sport and the Making of Britain, Derek Birley, partial Google book
- Sporting and Leisure: Grosvenor Prints (Click on the images)
- Sports, Georgian Index
- Sports, Pastimes and Recreation: Georgian England, starts on page 74, partial Google book
- Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sport, Tony Collins, 2005
Travel
Also check the extensive travel section under the History tab.
- Archive of this blog’s posts about Regency transportation
- A Closer Look at Carriages and Characters in Pride and Prejudice
- Carriages and their Parts
- Coaches and Carriages
- Discovering Horse Drawn Vehicles
- Georgian Transport: Brickfields
- How Jane Austen’s Characters Got Around
- Late 19th Century Modes of Transportation
- Road Transport Before the Car, Pages 37-50
- Images of Sedan Chairs
- Stage Travel in Britain: Georgian Index
- The Stage Coaches of Great Britain
- The World of 19th Century Coach Travel
- Transportation in the 19th Century
- Transports of Delight: How Jane Austen’s Characters Got Around, Ed Ratcliffe
- Letter Writing, Road Transport, and the Mail
- Wild Horse Books and Art
Vocabulary
- 1736 Canting Dictionary
- 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
- 18th Century Thieves’ Cant
- A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon, and Cant, 1890
- Age of Sail: Vocabulary Links
- Canting Dictionary
- Heyer’s Cant and Slang
- Regency Lexicon
- Regency Slang, Georgian Index
Wedding (See Marriage/Marriage Mart)
Women (See Ladies Endeavors)
Work, Workers (See Occupations or Servants)
General
- 18th Century Social Order: Peasants and Aristos
- Georgian England and the Regency
- Books on Social Customs: London, Bryn Mawr College Bibliography
- Life in Regency England, White and Batsford, partial book is available
- Jane Austen and Leisure, David Selwyn, partial book available
- Georgian, Regency, and Victorian Research
- The Pursuit of Pleasure: Gender, Space, and Architecture in Regency London, Jane Rendell, partial book available
- Understanding the Society in Which Jane Austen Sets Pride and Prejudice, Pamela Whalan, JASA
- Jane Austen: A Companion, Josephine Ross, Rutgers U. Press, 2003, partial book available
- Jane Austen and the Fiction of Culture, Richard Handler & Daniel Alan Segal, 1999, partial book available
- Jane Austen and Representations of Regency England, Roger Sales, 1996
- Writer’s Resources:Includes extensive links to historical and social sites
Societies
Technorati Tags: Regency Era,, Regency Manners, Regency Customs,, Regency Sports, Jane Austen blog, Regency Pursuits
Feel free to leave questions. However, there is no guarantee that they will be answered in a timely fashion.
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In several of her novels, Jane Austen refers to CLERICAL LIVINGS providing a source of income for young gentlemen that took orders in the clergy. I’m unfamiliar with that practice, and have been looking for an explanation of how it worked.
How did the “living” provide a source of income? I understand that the man had some religious duties, but some JA characters didn’t do much but eat and drink. Did the “living” include an invested endowment that generated interest? Did some of the income come from farming the property, or renting it to a farmer or sharecropper? What was the source of the property? Who held title to it and paid the property taxes? Was the property part of a country estate? If not, how and why was the “living” provided by an estate owner?
Can you direct me to any source of information on this topic?
Perhaps this article on Understanding Society from JASNA will help answer some of your questions. Scroll down or search for “vicar.”
Ms. Place,
Thank you very much for your prompt reply to my inquiry about the clerical livings mentioned in the Jane Austen novels. Your recommended article by Pamela Whalan was very helpful.
My pursuit of diversions from our contemporary society has lead me to readings in a variety of escapist genres ranging from medieval adventures to western romances to science fiction. Although JA wrote of the real society of her lifetime, after two hundred years of cultural changes, it now seems as exotic to me as the imagined world of H. G. Well’s Time Machine.
Incidentally, I found another good explanation of clerical livings in the “sources and resources” for your February 10, 2008 article titled “Pride and Prejudice Economics: Or Why a Single Man with a Fortune of £4,000 Per Year is a Desirable Husband”. The second reference (Jane Austen Economics, 20 p. PDF document) covers Church Livings from the top of page 9 to the middle of page 10.
After reading those articles, I’m beginning to think that my superficial understanding of JA writings does not do credit to their depth.
Dennis K. Walker
Mr. Walker,
As always I am delighted when a discerning reader begins to understand Jane’s depth. Thank you for your feedback. I have enjoyed our exchange.
[...] cost of living values, a slang dicitonary, and many others. But NOTHING compares to the links to Regency Social Life and Customs than those compiled by Ms. Place at Jane Austen’s World… if you have an extra 24 hour [...]
I’m inquiring the social status during this era. Its something that is discussed in not only all of her novels, but most other authors such as Virginia Woolf and Charles Dickens. I was just womdering if you could give me any feedback on this topic during this era????
Jazmine, See Social Classes in England, 1814 in the first section entitled British Culture.
In addition, check these two links for peerage and precedence:
http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/order_precedence.htm#Tables
http://members.shaw.ca/jobev/title.html
The British Class system was (and still is) divided into upper, middle, and lower classes, but the chart will give you a breakdown of numbers for the regency era.
Hello,
Thanks for providing all these links!
Here’s a quick question about dueling: what happened if a man in a duel cheated? Was he dishonored? Did the second of the other man do something?
If you have any thoughts on this, please send them my way.
Thanks!
Colley
Colley, Dueling involved defending one’s honour. Most gentlemen caught cheating during such an event would never recover their reputation, though there are exceptions, see second link below.
The rules for dueling were adopted in Ireland in 1777 and used in England and largely in the U.S. as well. Here is the link to the rules of dueling: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/sfeature/rulesofdueling.html
There are some interesting stories on this PBS site about dueling, including one about Andrew Jackson who did indeed “cheat”, but it seems with impunity. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/duel/sfeature/dueling.html
A rather comprehensive discussion about dueling sits at this link as well. http://people.howstuffworks.com/duel2.htm
Vic
Thanks! You solved my problem!
Colley
why is colonel brandon astonished in sense and sensibility to hear that willoughby and miss grey’s plans for after the ceremony are to directly remove to combe magna? clearly this is a breach of some custom/etiquette – what would usually be done after the ceremony?
Thanks
Sal
I am looking for information on Austen’s father’s library. Does any kind of catalog, list or compendium exist of the books he had in his library?
I know this answer is late, but I just wrote this description about Rev. George Austen’s library for Jane Austen Today. I could find no source that listed his books.
Jane Austen grew up in a bookish family. Rev. Austen was a great reader (and writer of sermons) and he read aloud to his children.When her family moved to Bath, Jane’s father sold or gave away over 500 books from his vast library, which must have crammed the parsonage in Steventon. Under her father’s direction, Jane read English, classical and foreign literature by such authors as Samuel Johnson, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Alexander Pope, George Crabbe, William Cowper, and William Shakespeare. Jane was also encouraged to buy subscriptions to the popular novels written by Frances Burney, Sarah Harriet Burney, Maria Edgeworth and Ann Radcliffe. Rev. Austen’s library at Steventon provided inspiration for the short satirical sketches Jane wrote as a girl and with which she entertained the family. To entertain each other, the close knit Austen family would also read to each other, play games, and produce plays. One imagines that Rev. Austen’s library played an important part in devising these amusements.
i am writing a regency romance novel and i am wondering how to find appropriate names, first and last, for my characters. Any help that you could give would be much appreciated!
I would look up British genealogy websites, and click on the appropriate period. These sites are chock full of first and last names. Here is a list of 10 sites. http://genealogy.about.com/od/uk_databases/tp/top_databases.htm
Also, googling the term “popular British names 18 th century” should get you the information you need, such as this one: http://www.issendai.com/rpgs/names.htm
[...] regent, of beter gezegd zijn bibliothecaris, had er al voor gezorgd dat Jane Austen haar roman “Emma” aan de hooggeboren prins had (mogen) opdragen. De corpulente prins-regent, de [...]
Thanks for this fascinating list of resources, and also for linking to my blog.
Hello and thank you for a wonderful resource. Dabbling in the regency in a spot of creative writing and was hoping to find some information on funerals and mourning customs. Is anyone able to point me in the right direction.
Thanks once more,
Kristie
Scroll to the bottom of this link, which will get you started:
http://regency.getifa.com/sick.html
I have also added a short section on funerals and mourning. Check after Fashion and before Furniture.
Hey,
I had a quick question regarding Mr. Darcy in Pride and Prejudice. What was his social status? I thought that the difference in his and Elizabeths respective social statures could have been a part of what made their marriage undesirable to some, but one of the charts on this site seems to imply that Darcy would be more of a “country gentleman”, and of the same status as Elizabeth and her family.
Thanks
Not quite right. The social charts indicate that Mr. Darcy being non-royal and having no aristocratic title, would be known as a gentleman. There, the similarity of his social standing to Mr. Bennet’s ends. Both are gentlemen, to be sure, however Mr. Bennet sits far lower on Society’s ladder because of the disparity in income. Mr. Bennet is a gentleman because he has enough income not to have to work for a living, but his inheritance is entailed, placing his wife and daughters in an awkward position after his death. Mr. Darcy’s 10,000 pounds per year represents 4% of the income he makes from his considerable holdings.
Mr. Darcy comes from an old and wealthy family. He inherited a family estate of such magnificence, Pemberley, that it is viewed as much as a museum as a house. People stop by to visit it at set hours, as Elizabeth and Gardiners did. The Darcys are highly regarded and well-connected (Lady Catherine de Bourgh is Mr. Darcy’s aunt and his mother’s sister.) And then there is his wealth, which sets him apart and above impoverished aristocrats on the marriage mart. Where Darcy’s wealth is old and settled, Mr. Bingley’s money is new, his father having acquired it through trade. Darcy, the older and more established gentleman, takes the younger Bingley under his wing, becoming his friend and mentor.
In “How Rich is Fitzwilliam Darcy?” Economist Brad de Long describes Darcy’s wealth as such:
Thus in relative income terms–relative to the average of disposable incomes in his society–Fitzwilliam Darcy’s 10,000 pounds a year of disposable income gave him about the same multiple of average income in his society as an annual disposable income of $6,000,000 a year would give someone in our society.
On the other hand, my guess is that someone today with a disposable income of $300,000 a year can spend it to get the same utility as Fitzwilliam Darcy could by spending his disposable income of 10,000 pounds a year. This is a guess–a guess that our material standard of living today is some twenty times that of Mr. Darcy’s England.
Mr. Bennet is more like a well-off retired person who lives off a fixed income, and Mr. Darcy is more like the Rothschilds, able to afford anything he pleases and travel where he likes. With such an income, Mr. Darcy could have chosen almost any eligible young girl to marry. That he chose Elizabeth, despite her vulgar family, makes her a lucky woman indeed.
Hi.
I am curious to know how the peerage dealt with large debts aside from marrying for convenience or imprisonment. I understand that they would have to let go of their servants but would creditors also take away their possessions? (like a repossession now). What would this gentleman of title have to do in order to avoid imprisonment and still be able to manage without having to sell his ancestral estate?
Thank you
- Chelle
Many novels have been written on this topic! A gentleman could look for a rich bride. If he could not find one of his own class, he might court a wealthy merchant’s daughter or look abroad to the heiresses in America. Women married “up”, and thus they stood to gain a title, even if the coffers were empty. Many a rich father was willing to swap money for the title.
Some gentlemen who gambled away their fortunes and inheritances chose to commit suicide or move abroad to the Continent, to while away their lives in exile. To lose one’s inheritance, and this did occur, was severely frowned upon. Others might sell their estate to a wealthy relative, keeping the lands within the family. There were so many approaches that one could take to “saving money” and running from one’s creditors, such as becoming a permanent house guest, and visiting one country house to the next.
A gentleman who did not honor his gambling debts, lost his reputation, and thus he would have to pay up to his equals or superiors. As for paying a merchant, a gentleman deeply in debt would try to fob off such a person for as long as possible.
I just wanted to say thank you for putting all of this information here. It’s fascinating and I may never leave. I read Sense and Sensibility when I was younger, and while I loved it, I didn’t really get certain situations. I have just recently returned to Jane to read Emma, and now that I’m older, the desire to really understand what I’m reading is great. This site is proving to be very enlightening. Many, many thanks!
- Jess
You are so very welcome. Thank you for the compliments.
[...] ever want to know about Jane Austen’s times, written in a scholarly but fun manner, here is a blog you can check [...]
You have a really great website. I came across it while I was doing a Google search for regency period costume. It is very informative and asthetically beautiful.
Tracey B.
A belated thank you, Tracey.
Hi there. I have recently discovered this website. The information is fantastic! Thank you so much for sharing.
If I want to add you to my list of works consulted for my essay, how do I find the author name, name of the sponsor of the site, the date of publication or last update??
Thank you so much for your help!
Kerstin
Please email me. This information is sent privately.
[...] I just wanted to post a couple of great links. First one to Social Customs During the Regency Era [...]
Thank you for a wonderful website, Vic. As a lover of Jane Austen, I’ve been exploring the wealth of information here for awhile. I have a question, however, that I have not yet seen addressed.
How wealthy was Mr. Knightley, and how much wealthier would he have been after his marriage to Emma? The novel speaks of his refusal to keep a carriage horse and his lack of ready money. On the other hand, he is considered a slight cut above the Hartfield family, with even Emma, an heiress with 30,000 pounds, considered lucky by some to catch him.
Did Jane Austen intend Mr. Knightley’s economies to be a reflection of his serious and responsible nature (i.e., he’d rather pour the money into his estates & tenants rather than fuss with shows of status such as a carriage). Or was she showing him to be not so very wealthy? I would guess he’d be below Mr. Darcy’s 10,000 per year, but above Mr. Bennett’s and Colonel Brandon’s 2,000 a year, but where in that range?
And then my follow up question: just how much would his alliance with Emma enrich him? Emma would add 30,000 pounds to their wealth, but would he also expect to be enriched by any inheritance from Mr. Woodhouse to Emma?
Lily
Lily,
Thank you for your compliment. Mr. Knightley’s land outstrips the Woodhouse’s. Hartfield, second to Donwell Abbey, sits on Donwell Abbey land. But the fortunes of the Knightleys and Woodhouses are just about equal, due to income that Mr. Woodhouse receives from other sources.
“The landed property of Hartfield certainly was inconsiderable, being but a sort of notch in the Donwell Abbey estate, to which all the rest of Highbury belonged; but their fortune, from other sources, was such as to make them scarcely secondary to Donwell Abbey itself, in every other kind of consequence – Emma, Ch 16″
Mr. Knightley’s responsibility towards his land and people weigh heavily on him, and he does not do anything for show. This passage from JASA’s site describes Donwell Abbey:
“Donwell Abbey is fruitful, providing physical as well as spiritual nourishment for the community it serves. Donwell in fact is a representation of an ideal world best summed up in Emma’s thoughts…
It was a sweet view – sweet to the eye and the mind. English verdure, English culture, English comfort, seen under a sun bright, without being oppressive. (P360)”
Mr. Knightley sacrifices much in moving to Hartfield for Mr. Woodhouse’s sake. Jane Austen later told Cassandra that Mr. Woodhouse died two years after the wedding, so that Emma and her Mr. Knightley did get to live on the great estate fairly soon after all.
Here is a link to a post I wrote on the topic of Emma’s marriage prospects.
Hi,
First of all I’d like to thank you so much for this amazing site, I found it very interesting and fascinating, and although I haven’t read all of the resources here I intend to do so asap!
I have some question that I’ve been trying to do research on (using the internet) but couldn’t find any answers. I’m hoping you might know something about this: in the early 1800s, is it common or surprising that a young man from a wealthy family (let’s say his father was made a Baronet) decided to become an advocate (i.e. lawyer)? If no how much typically does a (good) lawyer earn in those days (as in would that exceed the normal ‘allowance’ given to them)? and do they work like the barristers nowadays? As in do they have to go into ‘office’ everyday or can they just work at home?
Sorry, I know it’s a lot of questions but I’ve been trying to find out the answer for quite a while now to no prevail…
Thanks so much and please keep this great site going! =)
Thanks,
Joan
Joan, I don’t know much about this topic. I have provided a few links to get you started:
The profession developed slowly and by the mid-1500s in England two distinct types of lawyers had appeared, actually creating two branches of the profession, which are still operating today: barristers and solicitors. A barrister is roughly equivalent to a trial lawyer and though a solicitor may appear in a lower court, he or she mainly advises clients and prepares cases for barristers to present in higher courts. But there was a natural conflict built into their class system. On the one hand, only people of the upper classes could afford to be educated well enough to practice law but it was thought to be beneath members of those classes to practice a profession at all. One should, in those days, have sufficient inherited income or income from property to have a secure livelihood without having a profession.” History
Find a description of a lawyer/barrister in this link, who was intimately acquainted with the Prince Regent.
Just to say thank you for allowing to subscribe to this fantastic site. I stumbled upon when I was trying to research embroidery Jane may have done. I am very much looking forward to spending some time browsing all of the subjects here! Thank you in advance, everyone, for all of the information and hard work that has been done to create this extraordinary place for Jane.
You are very welcome.
Hello Vic, I wanted to bring to your attention a very old Pride and Prejudice movie on Streampix, which is part of Xfinity. It stars Lawrence Olivier and Greer Garson as D’Arcy and Elizabeth. The reason for this email is to let you know that the costumes in this movie, made in the 1940′s are not even close to the correct Regency style. As an Austen devotee, I thought that I would being this to your attention and perhaps you would like to comment. The military uniforms seem to be accurate, however the women’s costumes are beyond description with balloon sleeves and huge bonnets. Men’s costumes seem accurate, however.
Hi!
I love this site!! Thank you so much for providing it to all of us of this shared interest. I think it’s going to be of great value to any topic I want to learn of!
Right now I’m doing some research about heritage and inheritance in Jane’s era and I was wondering if you knew or knew where I’d find out if the eldest son of the family was adopted and the second son was born of the father and mother, would the adopted son still inherit the estate?
Thanks for your time and input!~
It depends on the will, of course, and how it was written, but one imagines that fortunes and titles are reserved for heirs who are genetically closest to the family, and that such provisions would be stipulated. If they are not, and if the will is unassailable, I imagine that the adopted son’s claim would prevail.
what would happen if some went through the legal proceedings for an arranged marriage and then decided or needed to back out of it? is it something that needed to go to court or see a lawyer about?
A gentleman was not allowed to back out of an engagement. If he did, his reputation was toast.
There would be financial consequences if the legalities had been arranged and one side was not happy with the breakup of the relationship and was relying on the incoming cash.
If both sides agreed, there would be no difficulty.
I came across this site, and have it bookmarked for any future references I might require. It’s a fantastic site that should prove very helpful.
One question I have is how the Regency society viewed foreign, nonwhite individuals. As an example, say an individual of high ranking in Indian society during the Regency were to travel to England. How would he be perceived and treated by English society?
Thank you so much for any help you can provide!
~Andrea
I think that high ranking individuals were viewed as exotic and were given all the respect they were due, but that most, including the rich nabobs who returned from India flush in the pocket, were not regarded as having the same social status as those who were born in Great Britain. There was an attitude of cultural imperialism, and that the English ruled the world in more ways than one.
Take early 20th century boxer Jack Johnson. While this black man might have attained great success in his profession, woebetide him for consorting with white women. http://www.pbs.org/unforgivableblackness/rebel/
“including the rich nabobs who returned from India flush in the pocket, were not regarded as having the same social status as those who were born in Great Britain.”
A nabob was a Briton who had made his fortune in India. Usually he would have been born in Britain and left to make his fortune. In general he was not regarded of the highest class because he had been in trade.
So it’s not an answer concerning how Indians or other non-Europeans would have been treated.
hi i hate this site it did not help me !!!!!!!
i am very angry
Oh, dear.
hi…. please suggest me what to write in an essay of the social background of Jane Austen.
Simply Google the topic and all sorts of interesting topics pop up.
Prinny’s Taylor – the Life of Louis Bazalgette, Tailor to George, Prince of Wales
http://chasbaz.posterous.com/
I have been researching the life of Louis Bazalgette for about 15 years now. I have almost completed the first draft of his biography, which I hope to publish next year. The blogs on this site are partly extracts from the book and partly different angles on Louis and his relationship with the Prince, which may of course end up in the book too.
Louis is completely unknown and the fact that he was Prinny’s tailor for 32 years is unrecorded in any book that I have seen. This is a good thing for me, as the material is mostly very fresh, and hopefully will be new and intriguing to those who are interested in Prinny and in Georgian London
This website is an absolute gem! I’ve just started research for a Regency novel I plan to write and I can’t tell you how this has helped me.
I’m curious, how old was a gentleman when he began/ended university in the Regency?
I’m sure you will see a more expert answer, but since a gentleman went to a public school and they didn’t have GCSE exams etc, he would most likely enter university earlier than now. For example, one of my relatives, born 1801 entered Balliol College, Oxford in 1818 – aged 17. He got his BA in 1822 and MA in 1825. So if they joined earlier they might stay at university longer, depending on how far their studies took them. If you check obituaries in periodicals like the Gentleman’s Magazine (e.g. in Google Books) you will see more examples I’m sure.
I am loving this website!!!! Finding out so much information that need to help start writing regency era romances.
Thanks for the brilliant links and info.
Greetings!
Oh my God, I absolutely loved your website! Amazed of this much information. I live in Brazil but since a child I felt in love for the Regency times and costumes (thanks to the novels lol), but never was able to find good material to read. So thank you very much!
Hi:
I was interested in learning why the prejudice against Elizabeth’s relations? One of them is an attorney which I thought a noble profession. Can anyone answer?
This site is soooooo helpful. It has been a great help for my writing ( I’m writing a book and most of the story takes place in the Regency Era). Thanl you so much.
Can anyone tell me about law enforcement during the Austen years? Also did illegitimate children have any rights to inheritance? I am also curious to know if Georgiana in P & P would inherit anything?
Loving this site!
Dee
Thank you for creating this wonderful site! It is an excellent resource for me; I have writing an AP Literature term paper on PP and SS.
I love your site. I used to volunteer and sat on the board of an historical house museum, Tate House 1754, Maine and we did a very spare house. In Puritan New England there were no holidays like Christmas – they wouldn’t set a date to it, and excessive decorating was not the thing. But entertaining was big, as was courting and weddings as it was a time families might be together.
Fangs, Wands and Fairy Dust
email: steph@fangswandsandfairydust.com
twitter: @fangswandsfairy
Hi, just wanted to drop a line and say that I adore this website. Any info I’d previously learned about Regency times came sporadically from novels and a few books available to me. When I stumbled upon this site I fangasmed over how HUGE and beautifully put together it is. The only downside is there’s not enough hours in my day to drool over all the info! Keep up the awesome work!
[...] http://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/social-customs-and-the-regency-world/ this marvelous(!) site could not be more comprehensive. [...]
Great website and very useful! I love the Regency era. By the way, I see you have mentioned the Theatre Royal Drury Lane. Did you know that it is the oldest operating theatre in the world, and therefore one of the most important in the English-speaking world?
Thanks again for the site.
I agree with you, Theresa. Drury Lane is so important. Thank you for stopping by.
Is there any way I can get a digital copy of the picture with the regency women walking along the path and across the bridge at the top of the page?
I’d love to get it printed and made into a laminated poster, it’s a beautiful picture.
Thanks!
Hi Clare. I had the image photoshopped for me, and it is not of high enough quality to blow up to poster size. So sorry! Vic
Carli…
Can you explain to me what the big deal was with “connections” in P&P?
Hi, I love this site, but I do have a few questions.
(I’m trying to write a book based around the Regency Era)
I’ve done some research and can conclude that “siblings-siblings” marriages were acceptable; is that right? Can two sisters marry two brothers from another unrelated family? Also, is a marriage between a woman who is slightly (by less than a year or several months) older than the man an unacceptable marriage?
I would really appreciate it if you could help me with those questions (: !
Great site!
Thank you for sharing all this wonderful info about the Regency Era, as well as Jane Austin. I have utilized some of the information you have included to make some childrens clothing that remind me very much of this era. Some is available on Etsy. Thanks again!
[...] Social Customs During The Regency Era « Jane Austen’s WorldTo learn about Regency customs and life from the people who actually lived in the era, please visit the Original Sources page on top of this blog. You will find many of the resources you are seeking there. [...]
What a wonderful site! Thank you for all the hard work that must have gone into creating this delightful Austin interlude! I found this site while trying to research information pertaining to English identity laws during the Regency period. No luck yet. Can you answer my questions or point me in the correct direction to find the answers to:
If a male child, son of an Earl, disappeared, presumed dead, and then showed up again in his late 20′s, how would he go about proving his identity, and how would he claim his inheritance? Father is now dead and uncle is now Earl. Any help you could give me on this would be GREATLY appreciated!
And please keep this site going!
I hate to point this out, but I spotted some errors in Tracy Mark’s article, “Social Classes, Money, and Servants in Austen’s Society”. She said this about the Bennets in “Pride and Prejudice”:
["The Bennets are lower gentry, or “pseudo-gentry” since they don’t own their land or house, and their income depends entirely on one breadwinner. They will drop to lower class after Mr. Bennet dies unless their daughters marry into wealth. Mr. Bennet’s inheritance was entailed – not passed directly to him but passed on from generation to generation only through male heirs. Since he has no sons, it will pass to the closest male heir – Mr. Collins."]
Mr. Bennet is a landowner, a member of the gentry (lower class or otherwise) and a member of the British upper classes. He is the owner of the Longburn estate. However, due to the entail, he cannot pass the estate to his daughters. This is also the case for many other members of the upper classes – including aristocrats like the Earl of Grantham in “DOWNTOWN ABBEY” and other untitled members of the gentry.
As the daughters of Mr. Bennet, they will remain in the same class that they were born into – namely the upper class, regardless of their income upon his death.
This is Regency England we’re talking about. It doesn’t matter how much money you have, as long as you come from an old family that has ties to an estate. Which is exactly the case for the Bennet family (aside from Mrs. Bennet, who comes from the middle classes).
["Mr. Bingley is “nouveau riche” upper gentry, soon to become a landowner. The Bingleys inherited money made in trade in northern England – probably the Yorkshire cotton mills. Miss Bingley’s snobbery is an attempt to deny her lower respectability as as a result of her family’s background in trade. She is eager for her brother to purchase an estate and become landed gentry."]
Mr. Bingley IS NOT a member of of the “upper gentry”. He is not even a member of the gentry or the upper class. He is “trade”. And regardless of his income, a member of the middle classes. Jane Bennet comes from a higher class, despite her father’s lower income. The only way Mr. Bingley is going to become a member of the upper class is to purchase an estate and get rid of all of his financial ties to the way he earns his income – namely his factories.
Thank you for your assessment! I will reread the article and remove it if so much of it is wrong. Vic
[...] Social Customs During the Regency Era (Jane Austen’s World) [...]
Hi
I am a huge Jane fan and reread her books probably once or twice a year. What I am fascinated with, although it may cause a blush in some, is the sex education of the time. Ive looked for information about whether the girls were prepared for what happened on their wedding nights, or even if the boys were and I cant seem to find anything. There was tons of erotic literature back then, but would any of them have been able to read any of it and understand what was happening to them? Did mothers/governesses have conversations about what was required of them and how they would fall pregnant? Was a woman even ‘allowed’ to enjoy her sexuality back then or was it strictly a mating ritual and something for men to enjoy? Im so curious about this as its a topic that seems to be avoided in favour of love in most classics.
Bron
Bron, If you are a college student, your university library probably has access to the journals in Project Muse. Try this source: http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/studies_in_eighteenth_century_culture/v037/37.agin.html
The Voltaire Foundation also suggests a book: http://www.voltaire.ox.ac.uk/www_vf/default.ssi
Let’s face it, women shared their knowledge with each other. They probably saw the sights of animals copulating in the country or of a woman giving birth. In fact, most women acted as assistants for female neighbors, friends and family during the birthing process. One gets the sense that the Victorians and Edwardians had hang-ups about sex and discussing the topic, but I would say that the Georgian and Regency eras had a more matter-of-fact and earthier approach.
As with women today, some knew more than others and some enjoyed the act more than others – it depended on their personalities and upbringing. As for access to books, that depended on the father, who probably had control over the books in his library. Young ladies were rather restricted in their education, so that, yes, they would not have much access to erotic literature, but they did view the naked statues and nudes in paintings, which were prevalent, and they did discuss intimate matters among each other. Would they have learned about sex as a young girl from their male relatives? I doubt it.
Contemporary literature (Tom Jones and Moll Flanders come to mind) demonstrates that young boys were initiated into the joys of sex by harlots or older lusty women. Jane Austen certainly knew about Tom Jones, and Hogarth’s prints about A Harlot’s Progress were widespread. Clarissa, Samuel Richardson’s novel about a heroine’s rape, was hugely popular. Again, would a father have allowed his daughter to read these novels? That depended upon the individual.
I hope this helps. Vic
Just a short question: although the catalogue of links and articles is impressive (I peruse them quite often, and always find something new and interesting), I wondered why there was no category about the military and the Napoleonic Wars, considering the fact that these played quite a large role in everyday Regency life for the span of over 20 years.
Just wondering, no negative comment implied.
All the best,
Bas
As you were, found it under ‘History’. Belay that last comment there ;-)
Hello! I wonder that you might be able to answer a question for me. Do you know if JA makes any any reference to birthday celebrations in any of her novels (I can recall none)? Or in the Regency era in general? I am at a loss as to whether or not folks in the Regency era celebrated birthdays, and in particular those of children? Thank you kindly!
There were no celebrations like the ones we celebrate today, as far as I know. That there would be a remembrance, some special cake, or a toy, most likely occurred in the upper classes. Perhaps a lower class child might receive a candy or some small favor.
I looked under “Pets” but could not find what I was searching for. I wanted to know if dogs and cats were viewed differently in Regency England than now? That is, did people see them as companions who stay inside the home?
Yes and no. Working dogs did serious work, and cats were mousers. But Lady Bertram in Mansfield Park treasured her pug, and there were gentlemen who favored certain dogs and hounds. The lower classes had no extra resources to feed pets. I think, like today, those who had the means kept pets, those who didn’t thought about them as ulitarian companions.
About the question of Rape or Incest. What was the penalty for the that, against the one that was being accused, espically in the upper class.
If an upper class gentleman raped a woman, there would likely be no consequence. A married man could rape his wife, for she had no legal rights in the marital bed. A man who raped an upper class lady – now that was another story. He would be hanged. As for incest, this was taboo. The individuals would be ostracized. Keep in mind that marriage between first cousins was allowed, especially among the aristocracy.
Superb writing and collection of links! Thank you.
I know it’s a difficult topic to research, but I would like to know more about knitting for the leisured classes.
I am a knitter (and prefer early 20th century patterns and styles as a rule) and so far as I know there are few, if any published Regency patterns available. Would a few of these been included in the pattern publications of the time? Perhaps lace knitting, or shawls?
A popular form of entertainment in the Regency was the charade, a type of rhyming riddle. These were popular at gatherings and appeared in magazines, books, and on the folding fans carried by the ladies at the time. Readers may be familiar with the role that these riddles played in Jane Austen’s novel Emma. Please feel free to visit my blog devoted to Regency charades: praytellme.blogspot.com.
Thank you, Mark. I placed the link on Facebook as well.
I recently read a murder mystery taking place roughly during the Regency, in which the culprit was the earl’s heir… thru the female line. But wouldn’t it have to be strictly thru some male line, even if a cadet one? Wouldn’t even one female in the line of descent for that person invalidate him as heir?
Not necessarily. If the heir was adopted and took on the earl’s name and if the succession allowed this, then it would be possible.
You have been nominated for 2 awards! http://simplecherishes.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/receiving-gratefully-the-very-inspiring-blogger-and-one-lovely-blog-awards/
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I am curious about attitudes towards corsets during pregnancy and pregnancy fashion in the 18th Century in general? Did women let out dresses throughout the course of the pregnancy or did they share maternity clothing among themselves? Greatly appreciate if you could point me in the right direction.
18th century women let out their corsets. Clothes were certainly recycled, especially among the middle classes and lower gentry. Here are a few links: http://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/baby-jane-austens-first-two-yearshappy-235th-birthday-jane/
and http://larsdatter.com/18c/maternity.html
The high-waisted gowns presented fewer problems than the tight gowns of the early Georgian and Victorian eras.
Here is an image of a wanton turned out of doors, 1796: http://i92.photobucket.com/albums/l35/TondaFuller/DiligenceDissipation1796.jpg
This image shows pregnant female servants: http://lwlimages.library.yale.edu/walpoleweb/oneitem.asp?imageId=lwlpr03847
Good luck! Vic
Did men usually go straight to a university after they finished their primary education or did they typically wait a few years? Also, did they finish their primary education at age eighteen as we do now, or were they younger/older?
Oh, and wonderful site by the way. I’m working on a story and this has helped tremendously!
This question is so complex that it is hard to answer. Older sons went on a Grand Tour to polish off and round out their education. Younger sons needed to find employment. For the upper classes and gentry this meant the clergy, military, or some refined employment such as a physician or law degree. There were distinctions – a middle class lawyer and a surgeon were lower down the social scale than an upper class physician. If a younger son had no income, he would typically have to find employment right away or go to university to acquire the necessary skills.
Hi!
I’m doing some research on blindness and blind individuals during the regency period. Is there a place where I can look up information on this topic? I’m looking mainly for information as to whether there were special facitilites (asylums) blind individuals were sent to. Also trying to find out if blind individuals were considered “competent” to handle their own affairs or if they had to have family or a caregiver take care of matters for them.
Thanks in advance!
Christina, you mighty ask Joanna Waugh at http://www.joannawaugh.blogspot.ca/
Her novel ‘Blind Fortune’ implies she may have some knowledge that will help you.
[...] empire waistline for wedding gowns this season is modelled after the Jane Austen era in the early 1800’s. This season’s empire waist is complimented with either a halter top or [...]
[...] for the well-to-do who have little of importance to do. Jane Austen’s works set in this time period tell us of love, family, and social custom. Manners and lovely clothes are a must in this era, but [...]
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